Volume 1
Volume 2

Contents

1. Introduction

I. The Unit of Historical Study 15 II. The Comparative Study of Civilizations 28

III. The Comparability of Societies 53

1. Civilizations and Primitive Societies 53 2. The Misconception of 'The Unity of Civilization' 54

3. The Case for the Comparability of Civilizations 60

4. History, Science and Fiction 62

2. The Geneses of Civilizations

IV. The Problem and How Not To Solve It 67 1. The Problem Stated 67 2. Race 70

3. Environment 75

v. Challenge and Response 81

1. The Mythological Clue 81

2. The Myth Applied to the Problem

89

VI. The Virtues of Adversity 103

VII. The Challenge of the Environment 112 1. The Stimulus of Hard Countries 112 2. The Stimulus of New Ground 124

3. The Stimulus of Blows 134

4. The Stimulus of Pressures 138

5. The Stimulus of Penalizations 153

VIII. The Golden Mean 170

1. Enough and Too Much 170 2. Comparisons in Three Terms 176 3. Two Abortive Civilizations 185 4. The Impact of Islam on the Christendoms 192

3. The Growths of Civilizations

IX. The Arrested Civilizations 197 1. Polynesians, Eskimos and Nomads 197 2. The 'Osmanlis 205
3. The Spartans 213 4. General Characteristics 216 NOTE. Sea and Steppe as Languageconductors 221

x. The Nature of the Growths of Civilizations 223 1. Two False Trails 223

2. Progress towards Self-determination 235 XI. An Analysis of Growth 247 1. Society and the Individual 247 2. Withdrawal and Return: Individuals 256 3. Withdrawal and Return: Creative Minorities 271

XII. Differentiation through Growth 283

4. The Breakdowns of Civilizations

XIII. The Nature of the Problem 286

XIV. XV. Loss of Command over the Environment 298 1. The Physical Environment 298 2. The Human Environment 304 3. A Negative Verdict 317

Deterministic Solutions 289

XVI. Failure of Self-Determination 320 1. The Mechanicalness of Mimesis 320 2. New Wine in Old Bottles 325

3. The Nemesis of Creativity: Idolization of an Ephemeral Self 356

4. The Nemesis of Creativity: Idolization of an Ephemeral Institution 366

5. The Nemesis of Creativity: Idolization of an Ephemeral Technique 377 6. The Suicidalness of Militarism 388 7. The Intoxication of Victory 402

5. The Disintegrations of Civilizations

XVII. The Nature of Disintegration 414 1. A General Survey 414 2. Schism and Palingenesia 423

XVIII. Schism in the Body Social 426 1. Dominant Minorities 426

2. Internal Proletariats 431

3. The Internal Proletariat of the Western

World 450

4. External Proletariats 462

5. External Proletariats of the Western

World 472

6. Alien and Indigenous Inspirations 481
XIX. Schism in the Soul 490

1. Alternative Ways of Behaviour, Feeling and Life 490

2. 'Abandon' and Self-Control 502

3. Truancy and Martyrdom 504

4. The Sense of Drift and the Sense of Sin 507 5. The Sense of Promiscuity 519

a. Vulgarity and Barbarism in Manners 519

b. Vulgarity and Barbarism in Art 531

c. Lingue Franche 532

d. Syncretism in Religion 539

e. Cuius Regio eius Religio? 549

6. The Sense of Unity 563

7. Archaism 575

8. Futurism 585

9. The Self-transcendence of Futurism 591 10. Detachment and Transfiguration 598 11. Palingenesia 602

xx. The Relation between Disintegrating Societies and Individuals 606

1. The Creative Genius as a Saviour 606 2. The Saviour with the Sword 607

3. The Saviour with the Time Machine 611 4. The Philosopher Masked by a King 613 5. The God Incarnate in a Man 618

XXI. The Rhythm of Disintegration 623 XXII. Standardization through Disintegration 631 Editor's Note and Tables I-V 635 Argument 648 Index 673
Contents

6. Universal States

XXIII. Ends or Means? 11 XXIV. The Mirage of Immortality 14 XXV. Sic vos non vobis 21 1. The Conductivity of Universal States 21 2. The Psychology of Peace 25 3. The Serviceability of Imperial Institutions 32 Communications 32 Garrisons and Colonies 38 Provinces 44 Capital Cities 49 Official Languages and Scripts 57 Law 63 Calendars; Weights and Measures; Money 68 Standing Armies 78 Civil Services 82 Citizenships 88

7. Universal Churches

XXVII. XXVI. Alternative Conceptions of the Relation of Universal Churches to Civilizations 91 1. Churches as Cancers 91 2. Churches as Chrysalises 97 3. Churches as a Higher Species of Society 103 a. A New Classification 103 b. The Significance of the Churches' Past c. The Conflict between Heart…
2. The Accumulation of Pressure 141 3. The Cataclysm and its Consequences 148 4. Fancy and Fact 155 NOTE: The Monstrous Regiment of Women'

9. Contacts Between Civilizations in Space

161

XXX. An Expansion of the Field of Study 163 XXXI. A Survey of Encounters between Contemporary Civilizations 166 1. A Plan of Operations 166 2. Operations according to Plan 170 a. Encounters with the Modern Western Civilization 170

i. The Modern West and Russia 170 ii. The Modern West and the Main Body of Orthodox Christendom 173

iii. The Modern West and the Hindu

World 179

iv. The Modern West and the Islamic World 187

v. The Modern West and the Jews 192 vi. The Modern West and the Far Eastern and Indigenous American

Civilizations 201

vii. Characteristics of the Encounters between the Modern West and its Contemporaries 207

b. Encounters with Medieval Western Christtendom 210

i. The Flow and Ebb of the Crusades 210 ii. The Medieval West and the Syriac World 214

iii. The Medieval West and Greek Orthodox Christendom 216

Encounters between Civilizations of the First Two Generations 223

c.

i. Encounters with the Post-Alexandrine Hellenic Civilization 223

ii. Encounters with the Pre-Alexandrine Hellenic Civilization 227 iii. Tares and Wheat 234

XXXII. The Drama of Encounters between Contemporaries 1. Concatenations of Encounters 236 2. Diversities of Response 238

XXXIII. The Consequences of Encounters between Contemporaries 243 243

1. Aftermaths of Unsuccessful Assaults 2. Aftermaths of Successful Assaults 244
a. Effects on the Body Social 244 b. Responses of the Soul 252 i. Dehumanization 252 ii. Zealotism and Herodianism 256 iii. Evangelism 262 NOTE: 'Asia' and 'Europe': Facts and Fantasies 264

10. Contacts Between Civilizations in Time

XXXIV. A Survey of Renaissances 267 1. Introduction-'The Renaissance' 267 2. Renaissances of Political Ideas and Institutions 268 3. Renaissances of Systems of Law 270 4. Renaissances of Philosophies 274 5. Renaissances of Languages and Literatures 276 6. Renaissances of Visual Arts 282 7. Renaissances of Religious Ideals and Institutions 285

11. Law and Freedom in History

XXXV. The Problem 289 1. The Meaning of 'Law' 289 2. The Antinomianism of Modern Western Historians 290

XXXVI. The Amenability of Human Affairs to 'Laws of Nature' 297

1, A Survey of the Evidence 297 Affairs of Individuals 297

a. The Private

b. The Industrial Affairs of a Modern Western Society 298

c. The Rivalries of Parochial States: the Balance of Power 299

d. The Disintegrations of Civilizations 301 e. The Growths of Civilizations 303

f. There 2. Possible Explanations of the Currency of 'Laws of Nature' in History 309

is no armour against Fate' 306

3. Are Laws of Nature current in History inexorable or controllable? 319

. The Recalcitrance of Human Nature to Laws of Nature 324

XXXVIIXXXVIII. The Law of God 331

12. The Prospects of the Western Civilization XXXIX. The Need for this Inquiry 334
XL. The Inconclusiveness of "a priori" Answers 339 XLI. The Testimony of the Histories of the Civilizations 344

1. Western Experiences with Non-Western Precedents 344

2. Unprecedented Western Experiences 352

XLII. Technology, War, and Government 354 1. Prospects of a Third World War 354 2. Towards a Future World Order 359

XLIII. Technology, Class Conflict, and Employment 365 1. The Nature of the Problem 365

2. Mechanization and Private Enterprise 367

3. Alternative Approaches to Social Harmony 372

4. Possible Costs of Social Justice 374 5. Living happy ever after? 379

13. Conclusion

XLIV. How this Book came to be Written 384

Argument 390 Index 431