Formal foundations. Formal language theory / Shuly Wintner -- Computational complexity in natural language / Ian Pratt-Hartmann -- Statistical language modeling / Ciprian Chelba -- Theory of parsing / Mark-Jan Nederhof and Giorgio Satta -- Current methods. Maximum entropy models / Robert Malouf -- Memory-based learning / Walter Daelemans and Antal van den Bosch -- Decision trees / Helmut Schmid -- Unsupervised learning and grammar induction / Alexander Clark and Shalom Lappin -- Artificial neural networks / James B. Henderson -- Linguistic annotation / Martha Palmer and Nianwen Xue -- Evaluation of NLP systems / Philip Resnik and Jimmy Lin -- Domains of application. Speech recognition / Steve Renals and Thomas Hain -- Statistical parsing / Stephen Clark -- Segmentation and morphology / John A. Goldsmith -- Computational semantics / Chris Fox -- Computational models of dialogue / Jonathan Ginzburg and Raquel Fernández -- Computational psycholinguistics / Matthew W. Crocker -- Applications. Information extraction / Ralph Grishman -- Machine translation / Andy Way -- 20. Natural language generation / Ehud Reiter -- Discourse processing / Ruslan Mitkov -- Question answering / Bonnie Webber and Nick Webb.